Transparent Is Meant Tingeing Power White Besides Its Uses As A
: ON COLOURS AND PIGMENTS INDIVIDUALLY.colour, is the instrument of light in painting, and compounds when pure
with all colours, without changing their class. Yet it dilutes and cools
all colours except blue, which is specifically cold; and, though it does
not change nor defile any colour, it is changed and defiled by all
colours. This pureness of white, if it be not in some degree broken or
tinged, will cast down or degrade every other colour in a picture, and
thought a necessity in painting, but is such only because our other
colours do not approach to the purity of white. Had we all necessary
colours thus relatively pure as white, colouring in painting might be
carried up to the full brilliancy of nature; and, in fact, more progress
has already been made in that respect, than the prejudice for dulness is
disposed to tolerate.
Locally, white is the most advancing of all colours in a picture, and
produces the effect of throwing others back in different degrees,
according to their specific retiring and advancing powers. These latter,
however, are not absolute qualities of colours, but depend on the
relations of light and shade, which are variously appropriate to all
colours. Hence it is that a white object rightly adapted, appears to
detach, distribute, and put in keeping; as well as to give relief,
decision, distinctness, and distance to every thing around it: hence,
too, the use and requirement of a white or light object, in each
separate group of a composition. White itself is advanced or brought
forward, unless indeed white surround a dark object, in which case they
retire together. In mixture, white communicates these properties to its
tints, and harmonizes in conjunction with, or in opposition to all
colours; but lies nearest in series to yellow, and remotest from blue,
of which, next to black, it is the most thorough contrast. It is
correlative with black, which is the opposite extreme of neutrality.
Perfect white is opaque, and perfect black transparent; hence when added
to black in minute proportion, white gives it solidity; and from a like
small proportion of black combined with white, the latter acquires
locality as a colour, and better preserves its hue in painting. Both
white and black communicate these properties to other colours, in
proportion to their lightness or depth; while they cool each other in
mixture, and equally contrast each other when opposed. These extremes of
the chromatic scale are each in its way most easily denied, as green,
the mean of the scale, is the greatest defiler of all colours. Rubens
regarded white as the nourishment of light, and the poison of shadow.
In a picture, white should not be merely glittering or brilliant, but
tender as well as bright. The eye should seek it for rest, brilliant
though it may be; and feel it as a space of strange heavenly paleness in
the midst of the flushing of the colours. This effect can only be
reached by general depth of middle tint, by the perfect absence of any
white, save where it is needed, and by keeping the white itself subdued
by grey, except at a few points of chief lustre.
White, as a pigment, is of more extensive use than any other colour in
oil painting and fresco, owing to its local quality, its representing
light, and its entering into composition with all colours in the
formation of tints. The old masters have been supposed by some to
possess whites superior to our own, but this may be questioned. The
pureness of whites in some celebrated old pictures is rather to be
attributed to a proper method of using, careful preservation of the
work, and in many instances to the introduction of ultramarine or a
permanent cold colour into the white--such as plumbago--helped also by
judicious contrast.
Notwithstanding white pigments are tolerably numerous, a thoroughly
unexceptionable white is still a desideratum--one combining the perfect
opacity or body of white lead with the perfect permanency of zinc white.
The nearest approach to it that has yet been made, is Chinese white,
which possesses in a great measure the property of the former, and,
being a preparation of zinc, has wholly that of the latter.
Unfortunately Chinese white is a water-colour pigment only, not
retaining its several advantages, stability excepted, when employed in
oil.
TTITLE CONSTANT WHITE,
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Subordinates For Orange And Purple Being The Immediate Constituents
of russet, and red being a component part of each of those colours, it follows that red enters doubly into russet, while yellow and blue appear but once therein. The proportions of its middle hue are eight blue, ten red, and three yellow, of equal int... Sufficient To Make The Sulphur Bite Into The Base This Opinion
indeed, extends to all metallic sulphides, and our belief is, that if vermilions were made generally by wet processes, they would not be found the permanent pigments they undoubtedly are. TTITLE MUTRIE YELLOW. Under this name a lemon sulphide of ... Swedish Green Olympian Green Imperial Green Mitis Green
... Terre De Cassel Or Corruptly Castle Earth Is Specially An Oil
pigment, similar to burnt umber but of a more russet hue. It is an earth containing bitumen, a substance which, with pit-coal, lignite or brown coal, jet, petroleum or rock oil, naphtha, &c., is looked upon as a product of the decomposition of organic... Tertiary Colours Are Three Only Citrine Russet And Olive
Each of these is composed of, or can be resolved into, either two secondary colours, or the three primaries. Thus, citrine consists of green and orange, or of a predominant yellow with blue and red; russet is compounded of orange and purple, or of a p... Tertiary Olive: Hence Its Relations And Accordances Are More General
and its contrasts more agreeable with all colours, than those of any other individual colour. Accordingly it has been adopted very wisely in nature as the common garb of the vegetal creation. It is, indeed, in every respect a central or medial colour,... Texture And What Is Called Body In Colours; Yet Every Pigment Has Its
peculiarities in respect to working both in water and oil, and these must become matter of every artist's special experience. Some of the best pigments are most difficult of management, while some ineligible colours are rich in body and free in workin... Than Themselves; And Into Painters Whose Motto Is Vita Brevis Est Ars
... The Blue Colouring Matter Of The Lapis Lazuli A Stone Chiefly Brought
from China, Thibet, and the shores of Lake Baikal. About the antiquity of the stone, and its colour, much has been written, and many conflicting statements have been made; but there is little doubt that our lapis lazuli was the sapphire of the ancient... The Book; Lest His Aim Be Defeated Of Reflecting In A Moderate-sized
mirror the palette as it is and might be at the present day. Arrived at age, as it were, in its twenty-first chapter, this treatise may fitly conclude with Black, the last of the series of colours. Let us hope the maxim of Sir Joshua Reynolds, that su... The Grinding Sufficient Only Of Clear Cold Jelly Of Gum Tragacanth As
will connect them into a body, and attach them to the paper in painting. Cold starch will answer the same purpose. Constant white is a sulphate of baryta, found native and known under the name of heavy-spar, or prepared artificially by adding sulphu... The Laque De Garance Which Was Tinged With The Rouge Of Carthamus
and was of course inferior in durability. As, however, liquid ammonia and alkalis generally dissolve the colours of cochineal, lac, and safflower, the test is simple. If the liquid remain uncoloured on adding ammonia to an assumed madder lake, in all ... The Name Of Giallolino And Was Variously Of A Pleasing Light Warm
yellow tint. It was opaque and of good body, not altered by the light of the sun, and might be used with comparative safety in oil or varnish, under the same management as the whites of lead. Like these, however, it was liable to change even to blackn... The Pigments Liable To Injury From Sulphuretted Hydrogen &c Are
notably those obtained from lead and copper; and that treacherous compound of iodine and mercury, known as pure scarlet. ... The Reds Seem For The Most Part To Be Composed Of Oxide Of Iron Mixed
with lime, and were probably limited to iron earths and ochres, with a ... The Same In Light And Shade Or White And Black Which Mix With
clearness. Now, there are only two ways in which this distinctness in union of contrasts can be effected in practice: the one is by hatching or breaking them together in mixture, without compounding them uniformly; and the other is by glazing, in whic... The Secondary Orange And Its Near Relatives Scarlet &c; And With
... The Secondary The Tertiary And The Semi-neutral
... The Semi-neutral Brown As The Extreme Primaries Blue And Yellow
when either compounded or opposed, afford, though not the most perfect harmony, yet the most pleasing consonance of the primary colours; so the extremes, purple and orange, yield the most pleasing of the secondary consonances. This analogy extends lik... The Term Brown Then Denotes Rightly A Warm Broken Colour Of Which
... The Tertiary Citrine On The Side Of Shade And Less Perfectly So Of
... The Third And Last Of The Primary Or Simple Colours Is Blue Which
bears the same relation to shade as yellow to light. Hence it is the most retiring and diffusive of all colours, except purple and black; and all colours have the power of throwing it back in painting, to a greater or less extent, in proportion to the... Their Chief Source The Greens Consist Of Yellow Mixed With Copper
blue. The bluish-green which sometimes appears on Egyptian antiquities, ... There Are Five Classes Of Colours Viz:--the Neutral The Primary
... These Are False Appellations Of A White Lead Called Also French
... This Principle Of Contrast Applies Even To Individual Colours And
conduces greatly to good colouring. It may be carried with advantage into the variety of hue and tint in the same colour, not only as regards light and shade, but likewise with respect to warmth and coolness, as well as to colour and neutrality. Hence... Those Which Are Positive Or Definite; And The Three Colours Of Each
genus, united or compounded in such subordination that neither of them ... Thus Russet And Olive Compose Or Unite In Dark Purple; Citrine And
... Time On A Tree Of The Common Black Spruce (abies Nigra) In The
neighbourhood of Kingston. Having been but recently observed, a sufficient quantity had not been obtained for a complete series of experiments as to its nature and uses; but the habits of the insect, as well as the properties of the dye, seemed to ind... To Blue To Which The Attribute Of Coolness Peculiarly Belongs It Is
discordant when standing alone with yellow or with red, unresolved by their proper contrasts or harmonizing colours, purple and green. As an archeus or ruling colour, orange is one of the most agreeable keys in toning a picture, from the richness and ... To Keep In Mind--the Glow Of Sunshine And The Cool Of Shade
It is a fault of even some of our best colourists, as evinced by their pictures, to be too fond of black upon their palettes, and thence to infuse it needlessly into their tints and colours. With such it is a taste acquired from the study of old pic... To The Practice Of Producing Tints And Hues By Grinding Pigments
... To Which The Various Appellations Have Been Given Of Thenard's Blue
... To White And Black Or Light And Shade Hence Red Is Pre-eminent
among colours, as well as the most positive of all, forming with yellow ... Together Instead Of Blending Them On The Palette May Be Attributed
some of the peculiarities of the tints and textures of the Flemish school; they being, perhaps, results of intimate combination from grinding, and consequently of a more powerful chemical action among the ingredients compounded. This method has, in a ... Transparency Is An Essential Property Of All Glazing Pigments And
adds greatly to the value of dark or shading colours; indeed it is the prime quality upon which depth and darkness depend, as whiteness, or ... Transparent Is Meant Tingeing Power White Besides Its Uses As A
colour, is the instrument of light in painting, and compounds when pure with all colours, without changing their class. Yet it dilutes and cools all colours except blue, which is specifically cold; and, though it does not change nor defile any colour,... True Chrome Green Native Green &c Is Found Native In An Impure
state as Chrome Ochre, but is always artificially prepared for artistic use. Obtained anhydrous by dry modes, this is the only chrome oxide available in enamelling, and is the one seen on superior porcelain. It is a cold, sober sage green, deep-toned,... Truth Of Hue Is A Relative Quality In All Colours Except The Extreme
primaries, in the relations of which, blue, being of nearest affinity to black or shade, has properly but one other relation, in which it inclines to red and becomes purple-blue: it is, therefore, faulty or false, when, tending to yellow, it becomes o... Turner's Yellow Montpellier Yellow Mineral Yellow Cassel
... Ultramarine Because It Produces By Combinations Tints Almost As Fine
as ultramarine." A blue but not a velvet black, where intensity is required some other is to be preferred. For mixtures, however, it is stated to be admirable, and especially for linen, skies, distances, and the various broken tints of carnations, &c.... Ultramarine Bleu De Garance Outremer De Guimet &c The
unrivalled qualities of native ultramarine prepared from the lapis lazuli rendered it most desirable to obtain an artificial compound which, while possessing similar properties, could be produced in quantity, and at a less costly rate. In demolishing ... Ultramarine New Blue Permanent Blue Gmelin's German
... Ultramarine Ultramarine Pure Ultramarine Azure Outremer
... Ultramarine With The Cyanus And Coeruleum Of The Ancients; But
their cyanus, or Armenian blue, was a kind of mineral or mountain blue, tinged with copper; and their coeruleum, although it may sometimes have been real ultramarine, was properly and in general a copper ochre. That ultramarine was known to the ancien... Under The Name Of Leitch's Blue
TTITLE INDIGO, ... Uniform Colour Thus Composed Is The Citrine Colour Of Fruit And
foliage, on inspecting which we distinctly trace the stipplings of orange and green, or of yellow, red, and green. The truth and beauty resulting from such stipplings in art may be seen in the luscious fruit-pieces of the late W. Hunt, where the bloom... Variety Of This Pigment Known As Native Prussian Blue; Which Is
really a native phosphate of iron, occurring as a blue earthy powder, or as a white powder that becomes blue by exposure. TTITLE ANTWERP BLUE, ... Vehicles And Varnishes With Which They Are Mixed Many Of These Have
been blamed, and often with justice, for their injurious effects on pigments. The reputation of the most permanent colour may be ruined, if the vehicle, &c., employed with it be untrustworthy. The presence of lead, for instance, in such materials rend... Verde Vessie Or Iris Green Is A Vegetal Pigment Prepared From The
juice of the berries of the buckthorn, the green leaves of the woad, the blue flowers of the iris, &c. It is usually preserved in bladders, and ... Verditer Brunswick Green Vienna Green Hungary Green Green
... Vermilion Extract Of Vermilion Orange Vermilion And Field's
... Vermilion Is So Called From The Italian Word Vermiglio (little Worm)
given to the kermes or "coccus ilicis," which was used as a scarlet dye before the introduction of cochineal. It is a sulphuret of mercury, which previous to levigation is called Cinnabar; and is found native in quicksilver mines, as well as produced ... Very Slight Solubility In Water Would Be A Fatal Objection; And
although they would be liable to suffer from a foul atmosphere, we are inclined to think the effects would not be so lasting as in the chromates of lead. Like lead sulphide, the sulphide of thallium ranges from brown to brownish-black, or grey-black; ... Vienna Blue Paris Blue Azure Cobalt-ultramarine &c Is The
name now exclusively confined to that preparation of cobalt which has a base of alumina. It may, therefore, be not improperly called a blue lake, the colour of which is brought up by fire, in the manner of enamel blues. The discovery of this important... Violet De Mars Purple Ochre Or Mineral Purple Is A Dark Ochre
native of the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire. It is of a murrey or chocolate colour, and forms cool tints of a purple hue with white. It is of a darker colour than Indian red, which has also been classed among purples, but has a similar body and op... Was Known In Ancient Times: The Romans Called It Auri Pigmentum Or
gold colour, whence, by corruption, its present name is derived. It is found in the native state in China and elsewhere, the best quality being in masses, consisting of plates of a fine golden hue, intermixed with portions of a vermilion or orange-red... We Have Adopted The Term Marrone Or Maroon As It Is Sometimes Called
for our second and middle semi-neutral, as applicable to a class of impure colours composed of black and red, black and purple, or black and russet, or of black and any other denomination in which red predominates. It is a mean between the warm, broke... Well To All Of These Must Be Superadded Durability When Used A
quality to which the health and vitality of a picture belong, and one so essential that all other properties put together without it are of no esteem with the artist who merits reputation. We have, therefore, given it a previous distinct consideration... Whatever The Practice Adopted Permanent Original Pigments Should Be
used as often as the case will admit; it being borne in mind, that a pigment may be compound, although its colour may be primary. As a rule, the less colours are mixed, the purer, brighter, and more lasting they will be found. ... When Inclining To Red Purple Takes The Name Of Crimson &c; And When
... While We Avoid The Compounding Of Contrasting Colours That Is The
colours must be kept distinct in the act of blending them, or otherwise they will run into dusky neutrality and defile each other. This is the case in blending and gradating from green to red, or from hue to hue--from blue to orange, or to and from co... White And Pure Black; The Grays Known To The Palette As Mineral Grey
and Payne's Grey having been incorrectly named. Practically, the nearest approach to a normal grey is furnished by Black Lead, which forms grey tints of greater permanence and purity than the blacks in general use, and is now employed for this purpose... White It Is Brought From Paris In The Form Of Drops Is Exquisitely
white, but of less body than flake white, and has all the properties of the best white leads. Being subject to the same changes, it is unfit for general use as a water-colour, though good in oil or varnish. TTITLE CREMNITZ WHITE, ... White Venetian White Hamburgh White Kremser White Sulphate
... Whiteness Even Contrast Has Its Contrast For Gradations Or
... With Cobalt Blue The Name Azure Has Sometimes Been Given To It
Varying exceedingly in quality and colour, the rougher kinds have been employed by the laundress, and in the making of porcelain, pottery, stained glass, encaustic tiles, &c.; as well as to cover the yellow tinge of paper. For this last purpose, howev... With Green It Forms The Tertiary Citrine And With Purple The Tertiary
... With It May Be Coupled Cadmium Orange A Colour Equally Brilliant And
stable, and equally without rankness or harshness, but of a true orange hue, admirably adapted for sunsets and the like. Last of all the fresh ... With Its Co-secondary Colour Green Purple Forms The Tertiary Olive;
and, when compounded with the remaining secondary, orange, it ... With Regard To Colour Then White In A Perfect State Should Be
neutral in hue, and absolutely opaque; that white being the best which reflects light most brilliantly. This property in white is called ... With Regard To Colours Individually It Is A General Law Of Their
relations, confirmed by nature and the impressions of sense, that those colours which lie nearest in nature to light have their greatest beauty in their lightest tints: and that those which tend similarly towards shade are most beautiful in their grea...