Dr Tl Phipson's Process 1861
Take a solution of perchloride of iron and, having precipitated the
peroxide with ammonia, collect the precipitate on a filter and wash it
with boiling water. Add the precipitate in excess to a warm solution of
oxalic acid. A beautiful emerald green solution is obtained, which must
be a little concentrated by evaporation and then set aside in a dark room
for use. The paper is floated for ten (?) minutes upon the green solution
of ferric oxalate, to which has been added a little oxalate of ammonia and
hung up to dry in the dark.
Expose under a negative for from ten to twenty minutes, according to the
weather, and wash well the paper with rain water. Spring water will not
do on account of the lime it may contain, which will form oxalate of lime
in the paper (insoluble). When all the non-decomposed oxalate is washed
from the proof, a feeble image of oxalate of protoxide of iron, scarcely
visible, is left on the paper. To develop it and to obtain the vigor, the
tone and color of silver prints proceed as follows:
Plunge the proof for a little while in a (weak) solution of permanganate
of potassium to which a few drops of ammonia have been added; in the bath
the image becomes brown and distinctly visible. It is then withdrawn and
immersed in a solution of pyrogallic acid for half an hour, after which it
is washed and dried.
The image thus obtained can hardly be distinguished from silver prints;
the tone is soft, brilliant and permanent.
This process is quite original and interesting. The theory is as follows:
Under the action of light the ferric oxalate is reduced in the ferrous
salt, insoluble, which, after the print has been cleared from the ferric
oxalate, is oxidized and reduced into ferric oxide by the alkalized
permanganate, the latter then forming colored compounds with reagents.
It has been lately published in England under the name of "kallitype," a
new process--or old, ad libitum--which consists in developing the image in
ferrous oxalate by a peculiar silver compound whose formula is given
below. The paper is prepared by brushing with a strong solution of
neutral ferric oxalate dried rapidly--which is a sine qua non when using
deliquescent salts; and after exposure the image is developed, etc.
Silver nitrate 50 grains
Sodium citrate 800 grains
Potassium bichromate 1 to 2 grains
Water 10 ounces
"Dissolve the silver nitrate in 1 ounce of water, the citrate and
bichromate in the remainder and mix. The precipitate--silver citrate and
chromate--is then dissolved by adding 1 dram of ammonia .880, and after 35
drops of strong nitric acid has been added the solution is ready for use."
This process reminds us that of Robert Hunt (1842), and that of more
recent date (1863), of Borlinetto, who developed the image in black with a
silver nitrate alcoholic solution, 1:500, and after washing the picture in
a solution of citric acid, 1:10, fixed it by aqueous ammonia. But,
although that is not absolutely necessary, we would advise one working
this, or similar processes in which a silver salt is employed for
developing, to fix the image, after treatment with citric acid to clear
the proofs from iron salts, in a solution of ammonium sulphocyanate--which
has not the injurious effect of sodium thiosulphate (hyposulphite)--in
order to prevent the paper to be tinged by the reduction of the silver
nitrate which is mechanically retained in its fiber.
The solution of ammonium sulphocyanate should be compounded with auric
chloride to tone the picture at the same time it is fixed; thus:
Ammonium sulphocyanate 35 parts
Gold terchloride 0.15 part
Water 350 parts
The solution can be used over again.
In the processes devised by Dr. Phipson, Monckhoven and other authorities,
the double ammonio-ferric oxalate is rightly recommended instead of the
simple oxalate. Not only is the preparation more sensitive to the
luminous action, but better half tones are obtained. As usual, it is
advantageous to size the paper with starch.
The ammonio-ferric oxalate is prepared by precipitating ferric chloride or
sulphate by aqueous ammonia, then washing the precipitate collected on a
filter until the washing water be neutral or does not evolve the smell of
ammonia. The precipitate is then placed in an evaporating dish, and by
small quantity is added a hot solution of ammonium oxalate until it is
nearly (not entirely) dissolved, when the solution is set aside for a few
hours, then filtered and evaporated to crystallization. For use, the
crystals of ammonio-ferric oxalate are dissolved in the proportion of 1
for 5 of distilled water. The solution as well as the crystals should be
kept in the dark.
If one object to the trouble of crystallizing, the solution can be
prepared by dissolving the ferric oxide in a hot solution of 30 parts of
ammonium oxalate and 25 parts of oxalic acid in 180 parts of water
observing that the oxide must be in excess.(42)
The following sensitizing solution gives also excellent results:
Ammonio-ferric oxalate 10 parts
Ammonio-ferric lactate 4 parts
Water 100 parts
After exposure, which varies from five to ten minutes, according to the
intensity of the light and the printing quality of the negatives, the
picture appears negative from formation of ferrous oxalate. It may be
developed in a great many ways: by a solution of silver nitrate at 2 or 3
per cent. of water acidified slightly by an organic acid--citric acid, for
example--or a diluted solution of ammonio-nitrate of silver, which most
likely constitutes the best developer; the image is black and consists of
metallic silver and ferric oxide, with formation of silver oxalate, which
dissolve in the ammonia. If the print be treated by a weak solution of
aqueous ammonia, the image turns green, then brown, and if, before the
latter coloration is obtained, gallic acid or pyrogallol be added, the
image becomes bluish-black or brown-black. In the same circumstances
tannin (gallo-tannin) produces a blue-black image; catechu-tannin(43) and
quino-tannin give green, etc. Employed as a developer, potassium
ferricyanate develops an image in prussian blue, and auric chloride one in
the characteristic violet metallic gold. To fix the images obtained by
the latter reactions, it suffices to wash them in a few changes of water,
and, if developed with silver, they can be toned by any of the alkaline
solutions of auric chloride used in the printing out silver process, etc.
The photographs obtained by all these processes are permanent.
More
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A Poitevin's Process 1870
"I use a paper prepared with iron sesquioxide rendered sensitive to light by tartaric or, better, citric acid in concentrated solution. This paper, after desiccation and exposure to light, possesses the property of reducing the solution of silver... Artigues' Process
The Artigues process, so called, is, without any doubt, the best to be employed for the reproduction of plans and drawings in lines. It is simple, expeditious, and yields black impressions on a very pure white ground which are absolutely permanen... Causes Of Failures
The images are veiled. This defect may result from various causes, viz.: 1st. The stock ferric oxalate solution is impaired by a partial reduction of the ferric salt into ferrous oxalate. The solution should be preserved in an o... Choice Of Paper Sizing
In all the photographic processes by precipitation of metallic oxides the quality of the paper has a great influence on the results. When the paper is not well sized and not well calendered, the sensitizing solution is absorbed, instead of simply ... Cj Burnett's Process 1857
"A capital process for many purposes," says Mr. Burnett, "is to float or steep the paper in a mixed solution of bichromate of potash and sulphate of copper, as for Hunt's chromotype process.(36) I have mixed gelatine, or occasionally grape sugar, ... De La Blanchere's Process 1858
Uranium nitrate 25 parts Distilled water 100 parts Filter the solution and keep it in the dark. The paper should be sized with a gelatine solution at 5 per 100 of water, and, when dry, kept in the dark.(40) It is sensitized by floating fi... Dr Jb Obernetter's Process 1863
Copper chloride 100 parts Ferric chloride, sol. sp. 13 parts gr. 1.5 Hydrochloric acid, conc. 12 parts C. P. Water 1,000 parts Float the paper on this solution for about two minutes and hang it up to dr... Dr Tl Phipson's Process 1861
Take a solution of perchloride of iron and, having precipitated the peroxide with ammonia, collect the precipitate on a filter and wash it with boiling water. Add the precipitate in excess to a warm solution of oxalic acid. A beautiful emerald g... Godefroy's Process 1858
Float the paper upon the following solution for three minutes and hang it up to dry: Uranium nitrate 30 to 60 parts Silver nitrate 8 parts Water 100 parts (39) The sensitiveness increases in proportion to the quantity of ... Graphotypy
This process consists in converting a cliche in half tones into one in lines, which can be directly printed on paper, or impressed, by means of an ink transfer made as explained before, on a stone, or on a zinc or copper plate for etching in relie... Guarbassi's Process 1867
The paper is floated in the dark for four or five minutes on a saturated solution of bichromate of potash. When dry, it is printed a little longer than for silver prints and afterwards floated, face upwards, on a water bath until all the unaltere... H Cooper's Process 1865
PREPARATION OF THE PAPER St. Vincent arrowroot 200 grains Boiling water 10 ounces Crush the arrowroot to fine powder, then rub it to a paste with a little water, and let an assistant pour a few drams of boiling water while you ... Houdoy's Process 1858
The paper is floated upon a lukewarm solution of gelatine at 5:100, and when dry, on a bath of uranium at 10 or 15 per 100 of water. After exposure to the sun the image is developed with a solution of silver nitrate acidified with acetic acid. T... How To Make A Negative Drawing
The drawing paper for designs to be reproduced by the cyantotype and the other processes described in this book should be of a fine texture, free from opacities and very white; and, as the design must serve as a cliche it is a sine qua non that it... L Liesegang's Process 1865
Pour ammonia into a nitrate of uranium solution, wash the precipitate of uranate of ammonia in distilled water, then dissolve in citric acid. Mix this solution of citrate of uranium and a little of a solution of chloride of gold with a paste pre... Niepce De St Victor's Process 1859
Red Prints. Float the paper for fifteen or twenty seconds on a 20 per cent. solution of nitrate of uranium and dry before the fire in the dark room. This paper can be prepared many days before use. Expose in sunshine from eight to ten minut... Preparation Of Red Yellow Or Blue Tissues
Red Tissue.--Dissolve 10 grams of carmine in 1 liter of aqueous ammonia and evaporate. When the smell of the alkali has almost disappeared, add 1 liter of rain water. Of this take 65 cubic centimeters, add 35 c.c.m. of rain water, and in the sol... Printing On Wood Canvas Opal And Transparencies
Printing on Wood.--To print on a wood block a design to be engraved on the same presents certain difficulties. In the first place, the sensitizing solution must not be absorbed by the wood, but remain wholly on its surface; then the photo film, a... The Aniline Process
The aniline process was published in 1865, by Mr. Willis, the inventor of the platinotype.(11) It is based on the oxidation of aniline by chromic acid, thus: A sheet of paper brushed with a solution of potassium bichromate and sulphuric acid, drie... The Black Or Ink Process Ferro-tannate Process
This process gives black positive impressions on white ground from positive cliches, and negative impressions from negative cliches. It has been attributed to Mr. Colas, but in reality it was invented by Mr. Poitevin, who describes it as follows ... The Carbon Process
The carbon tissue is seldom prepared by photographers. However, for the sake of completeness, we shall give the formula of the mixtures most generally employed, and describe the manner of coating the paper on a small scale. Preparation of the T... The Cuprotype Burnett's Process
This process gives positive impressions from negative cliches. Uranic nitrate 10 parts Cupric nitrate 2 parts Water 100 parts Float for a minute strong, well-sized paper on this solution and let it dry spontaneously in the dar... The Cyanofer Pellet's Process
This process gives blue impressions on a white ground from positive cliches, and white impressions on a blue ground from negative cliches. It is termed "positive ferrotype process." The cyanofer is an application of one of the numerous and usefu... The Cyanotype Or Blue Process
This process gives white impressions on a blue ground with diapositives or drawings on transparent or semi-transparent materials, and blue impressions on a white ground from negatives. It is commonly known under the names of "blue print process,"... The Platinotype
This process, discovered by William Willis,(16) yields very fine impressions which wholly consists of platinum and are, therefore, chemically permanent. It has been described theoretically and practically by Pizzighelli and Kuebl in a paper f... The Primuline Or Diazotype Process
Primuline, discovered in 1887 by Mr. A. G. Green, an English chemist, is a dye of a primrose color, possessing a great affinity for cotton fibers, to which it is readily fixed by simply immersing the material for a few moments in a hot solution of... The Uranotype
This process, devised by J. Wothly, in 1864, did not receive from the photographers the attention it merits, as it is always the case when a process is patented, and can be replaced by another equally practical which is not. It gives pictures of ... Tracing Process On Metal
We call the attention of metal engravers to this process. It is well known that wood engravers have their original designs photographed on the block in order to save considerable time by not making the drawing themselves; moreover the cost is nom... X's Process 1865 Secrets Of The Uranotype
Preparation of the Uranium Compound.--Precipitate the nitrate of uranium from its solution by concentrated liquid ammonia. Let settle the precipitate, decant, and wash in several changes of water. Dissolve it by heat in pure nitric acid, taking ...